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Ill INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR EXPERIMENTAL CYTOLOGY
IN TRANCE]
CAMBRIDGE
MUSEUMS, LABORATORIES,
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THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
FOR EXPERIMENTAL CYTOLOGY
CONGRESS HANDBOOK
CAMBRIDGE
1933
Whilst in Cambridge, you are invited to visit
HEFFER'S BOOK, STATIONERY & ART SHOPS
W. HEFFER & SONS LIMITED, CAMBRIDGE
THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
FOR EXPERIMENTAL CYTOLOGY
CONGRESS HANDBOOK
CAMBRIDGE
1933
CONTENTS
PAGE
Congress Officers - 5
Local Arrangements - - - - - - 6
Summary of Programme ------ q
Daily Programme of Sessions with Summaries of Papi RS ii
Alphabetical List of Speakers - 49
List of Demonstrations 5°
List of Cinema Films - 51
Alphabetical List of Members of the Congress - - 52
Third International Congress
for Experimental Cytology
CAMBRIDGE - AUGUST 21—26, 1933
International President
Professor Th. Huzella, Budapest
Local President
Dr. James Gray
Professor J. Barcroft
Mr. F. T. Brooks
Sir William Hardy
Professor D. Keilin
Dr. Joseph Needham
Local Committee
Dr. C. Shearer
Mr. A. E. Watkins
Dr. R. A. Webb
Mr. G. P. Wells
Mr. E. N. Willmer
Hon. Treasurer
Dr. F. G. Spear
General Secretary
Professor Rhoda Erdmann
Local Secretary
Dr. Honor B. Fell
Local Arrangements
By kind permission of the authorities the Headquarters and
Reception Room of the Congress are in the Arts School of the
University (entrance from Bene't Street).
The Reception Room (Examination Hall) will be open from
9 a.m. to 7 p.m. from August 21st to 26th inclusive.
Members should visit the Reception Room at intervals during
the week to ascertain the latest particulars about the Congress
arrangements and to collect correspondence, etc. Any changes in
the programme will be notified in the Reception Room.
A temporary Post Office Letter Box is installed in the Reception
Room, and arrangements have been made for members of the
Congress to purchase stamps and writing material on the premises.
Congress Sessions will be held in the Arts School Lecture Theatre
(entrance Bene't Street).
Demonstrations and any Evening Sessions of the Congress will
be held in the Department of Pathology (entrance Downing Street).
by kind permission of Professor H. R. Dean.
Cinema Films will be shown in the new Physiological Lecture
Theatre (entrance Downing Street), by kind permission of Professor
J. Barcroft.
For particulars of the Congress Photograph, see p. 14.
Foreign banking business can be transacted at Messrs. Barclays
Bank Bene't Street (adjacent to Reception Room). The bank is
open daily 9 a.m.-3 p.m., Saturday 9 a.m.-i2 noon.
Tea will be served each day (price 6d.) in the Department oi
Pathology at 4.0 p.m. from August 22nd to 26th inclusive.
Note. Formal evening dress will not be required at any of the
social functions of the Congress.
Organisation Locale
Avec l'aimable permission des Autoritees Universitaire La --alle
de Rassemblee et la salle de Reception pour le Congres sennit
situees dans "l'Arts School" de l'Universite (l'entree est sit me
dans Bene't Street).
La salle de Reception (qui sera tenue dans "l'Examination Hall ")
sera ouverte de 9 hrs du matin ä 19 hrs du soir ä partir du 21 Aöut
jusqu'au 26 Aöut inclusivement.
Les membres sont pries de se rendre periodiquemeni pendant
la semaine ä la salle de Reception pour s'y informer de tout change-
ment ayant lieu concernant le Congres et pour obtenir leur corres-
pondance, etc. Tout changement de programme sera public dans
la salle de Reception.
Un bureau de poste special sera organise dans la salle de
Reception. Les membres du Congres pourront y acheter (Us timbres
et tout materiel pour ecrire.
Les communications du Congres auront lieu dans l'amphithSätre
de "l'Arts School" (l'entree est situee dans Bene't Street)
Les demonstrations et toutes les reunions du Congres ayanl
lieu le soir seront tenues dans le "Department oi Pathology,"
grace ä l'aimable permission du Professeur H. R. Dean (l'entree
est situee dans Downing Street).
Les films cinematographiques seront montres dans le nouvel
amphitheatre de Physiologie grace ä l'aimable permission du
Professeur J. Barcroft (l'entree est situee dans Downing Street)
Pour tout detail concernant la Photographie du Congres roil
ä la page 14.
Un bureau d'echange se trouve chez "Messrs. Barclay's Bank."
La banque est ä cote de la salle de Reception, l'entree est situee
dans Bene't Street. Les heures de Banque sont de 9- 15 Ins.,
Samedi 9 hrs. — midi.
Un the sera servi tout les jours (prix 6d.) dans le "DepartmeiH
of Pathology," a 16 heures de l'apres-midi ä partir du 22 Aöut
jusque'au 26 Aöut inclusivement.
N.B. Aucune des Receptions du Congres necessiteront une tenue
de soiree.
Lokale Anordnungen
Das Hauptquartier und Empfangszimmer des Kongresses sind
mit gütiger Erlaubnis der Universitäts- Autoritäten in der "Arts
School " und dem nebenan liegenden Prüfungssaal. (Eingang von
Bene't Street).
Das Empfangszimmer (Prüfungssaal) wird von 9 Uhr morgens
bis 7 Uhr abends vom 21. bis zum 26. August (eincschl.) offen sein.
Während der Woche sollten die Mitglieder das Empfangszimmer
von Zeit zu Zeit aufsuchen, um die letzten Anorduungen des
Kongresses zu erfahren und etwaige Briefsachen abzuholen. Alle
Änderungen im Programm werden dort angeschlagen werden.
Ein Briefkasten ist zeitweilig im Empfangzimmer ange-
bracht, und Mitglieder des Kongresses können dort Briefmarken
und Schreibmaterial kaufen.
Die Sitzungen des Kongresses werden in der "Arts School"
(Eingang Bene't Street) gehalten werden.
Abend Sitzungen des Kongresses mit praktischen Erläuterungen
werden mit gütiger Erlaubnis des Professor H. R. Dean m dem
pathologischen Institut gehalten werden. (Eingang Downmg
Street).
Kino Films werden in dem neuen pathologischen Hörsaal
gezeigt werden, mit gütiger Erlaubnis des Professors J. Barcroft.
(Eingang Downing Street).
Alles Nähere über die Photographie des Kongresses, s. 14.
In Messrs. Barclay's Bank, Bene't Street, nebenan dem . Emp-
fangszimmer, können alle ausländischen Geldangelegenheiten besorgt
werden. Die Bank ist täglich von 9 Uhr morgens bis 3 Uhr
nachmittags geöffnet. Sonnabends von 9 bis 12 Uhr morgens.
Tee wird täglich (sechs pence) um 4 Uhr in dem pathologischen
Institutserviertwerden (vom 22 Augustbiszum26August einschl.).
N.B. Abendsanzug ist in kernen sozialen Versammlungen des
Kongresses nötig.
SUMMARY OF PROGRAMME
MONDAY, AUGUST zist.
9 a.m.-
3 p.m.
-3 P-m.
5 p.m.
8.30 p.m.
Registration of Members (Reception Room).
Opening Meeting of Congress (Large Ex-
amination Hall, Arts School).
Speech by Local President (Dr. James
Gray).
Welcome to Members by Her Worship the
Mayor of Cambridge.
Presidential Address by Professor Th.
Huzella.
Tea (by invitation of Local Committee).
General Business Meeting.
Illustrated Lecture on Cambridge (Arts
School Lecture Theatre).
TUESDAY, AUGUST 22nd.
9 a.m. — 12.30 p.m.
12.30 p.m.
2 — 4 p.m.
4 p.m.
4.30 — 6.30 p.m.
10. 0 a.m.
8.15 p.m.
Congress Session (Arts School).
Official Photograph of Congress (Reception
Room).
Congress Session (Arts School).
Tea Interval (Department of Pathology).
Demonstrations (Department of Pathology).
Conducted Tours of the Colleges for As-
sociate Members and others (start from
Reception Room).
Evening Party at King's College (by in-
vitation of Dr. and Mrs. Gray).
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 2yd.
9 a.m.— 12.30 p.m.
2—4 P-m-
4 p.m.
4.30 — 6.30 p.m.
8.30 p.m.
9.30 a.m.
\ Congress Sessions (Arts School).
Tea Interval (Department of Pathology).
Demonstrations (Department of Pathology).
Cinematograph Films (Department of
Physiology).
Excursion —
Tour to Ely and Sandringham (start from
Downing Street).
■
THURSDAY, AUGUST 24th.
9 a.m. — 12.30 p.m.
2 — 4 p.m.
4 p.m.
4-30—5-30 p.m.
5-30—6.30 p.m.
7.30 p.m.
2.15 p.m.
FRIDAY, AUGUST 25th
Congress Sessions (Arts School).
Tea Interval.
Demonstrations (Department of Pathology).
Cinematograph Films (Department of
Physiology) .
Congress Dinner in Trinity College.
Conducted Tours of the Colleges for As-
sociate Members and others (start from
Reception Room).
Excursion —
Half-day trip to Ely.
9 a.m. — 12.30 p.m.
2 — 4 p.m.
4 p.m.
4.30—6.30 p.m.
8.30 p.m.
2.30 p.m.
Congress Sessions (Arts School).
Tea Interval.
Demonstrations (Department of Pathology).
Dance at Dorothy Cafe (Sidney Street).
Excursion —
Visit to Messrs. Chivers' Fruit Farms and
Factory.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 26th.
10.15 a.m.— 12.30 p.m. 1 Congress sessions (Arts School).
2 — 4 p.m. J
4 p.m.
4.30—6.30 p.m.
Tea Interval.
Demonstrations (Department of Pathology).
Daily Programme of Sessions
with Summaries of Papers
MONDAY, 21st AUGUST
IN EXAMINATION HALL, ARTS SCHOOL,
BENE'T STREET.
3.0 p.m.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS BY
PROFESSOR Th. HUZELLA (Budapest)
Subject : " Culture des tissues en ses relations aux
problemes generates de la biologie et aux problemes
speciales de la medecine."
8.30 p.m.
IN LECTURE THEATRE, ARTS SCHOOL,
BENE'T STREET.
ILLUSTRATED LECTURE ON
CAMBRIDGE BY
P. C. FITZGERALD, ESQ., M.A.
TUESDAY, 22nd AUGUST
Morning Session 9.0 a.m.
Subject: Cell Respiration and Cell Metabolism.
Chairman : F. F. Blackman (Cambridge).
1. A. SZENT-GYORGYI, Szeged.
Non enzymic catalysts of cellular oxidation
"Ox-redox potential of the cell" has no meaning. The animal
cell has points with potentials as widely different as one volt.
The most positive places are those, at which 02 is activated. The
potential of these places is probably close to the potential of 02.
The most negative points are those, at which the H of the food-
stuffs is activated. These potentials are identical with the potentials
of the foodstuff, the free energy of which is not changed by the
process of activation (Borsook, Wurmser, Szent-Györgyi). The
enzymic catalysts of oxidation seem to have the sole function of
overcoming the inertia of the system. This potential difference
between activated foodstuff and activated 02 (the underlying
chemical affinity) is the source of animal oxidative energy.
The oxidation systems are complex and the drop of potential
between Foodstuff and 02 seems to take place in steps. The non-
enzyme catalysts of oxidation can be classified according to their
relation to this scale of potentials. Cytochrome, the vegetable
polyphenol-quinone system, etc., are steps in this scale. There is no
evidence as yet that the two known strongly electroactive reducing
agents of the cell, glutathione and ascorbic acid, actually are steps
in this energy change. At present it seems more likely that both
bodies serve only as ox-redox buffers protecting protoplasm against
oxidation. The thermodynamically irreversible nature of the
oxidation of both these compounds suggests the same possibility.
It cannot be excluded, however, that these substances also transfer
energy from the main system of oxidation to minor systems.
Substances of the group of adenylic acid seem to play as coenzymes
of dehydrogenation an important role in oxidation. Evidence is
accumulating, that these substances are involved in the transfer
of the energy, liberated by oxidation. They might be also involved
in the automatic regulation of oxidation, by which any excess is
avoided.
Evidence is also accumulating that the oxidation processes
catalysed by substances of the type of adenylic acid, consist of
one single step, which is effected in reversible systems. Phis one
step of oxidation is followed only by fermentative processes, by
which carbohydrates are again restored. Lactic and hexosedi-
phosphoric acid are oxidised in this system into pyruvic, oxy-
butyria acid into ketobutyric acid.
2. F. F. BLACKMAN, Cambridge.
Carbohydrates and Respiratory Metabolism in Plant Tissues
A survey of the major problems presented by the close connection
of respiration with the general metabolism of the cell.
The interacting metabolic components of the system are
(i) antecedent carbohydrate metabolism, (2) anaerobic fermentation
and (3) oxidative respiration with its coupled anabolism.
The first relation to be surveyed is the metabolic setting of
respiration as part of the total of concurrent metabolism. All
concurrent oxidative and reductive metabolism must distort the
values of either Cyintake or CCyproduction, which are used as
quantitative indexes of respiratory activity.
The second relation concerns the close control of respiratory
rate by the supply of carbohydrate metabolites.
Thirdly, a problem arises from the juxtaposition of fermentation
and respiration. It has been possible by using low concentrations
of oxygen to produce these two states, in alternation, for one
and the same tissue; and thus to establish certain quantitative
characteristics of the process of substitution.
r
3. M. DIXON, Cambridge.
Respiratory Inhibitors
4. KURT G. STERN and GUY D. GREVILLE, London.
A study of the action of lyochromes on certain oxidations
of biological interest
Warburg's second oxidative catalyst from yeast and lactic acid
bacteria ("das gelbe Oxydationsferment") is obviously a member
of the lyochrome series, other members of which have been detected
13
in whey (Bleyer and Kallmann), heart-muscle (Szent-Györgyi), liver
and plant seedlings (Stern), egg-white and various other sources
(Kuhn, Ellinger). In an attempt to elucidate the function of the
lyochrömes present in the animal body, their physico-chemical and
biological properties are being studied.
The urochrome fraction of urine contains either a lyochrome or a
closely related substance. Our first experiments have been made on
the so-called "purified urochrome fraction," of which relatively large
amounts are conveniently prepared by adsorption on charcoal or
Fuller's earth, desorption with acetic acid, and subsequent purifica-
tion by fractional precipitation. The elementary analysis of the
dried gummy product was C 309 per cent.; H 6-64 per cent.;
N 13-19 per cent. ; S 1-13 per cent. The molecular weight was found
by diffusion experiments to be 2600. The preparation contained
2 per cent, glucuronic acid. The yellow-brown solution in water
showed continuous absorption in the blue and a greenish-blue
fluorescence on irradiation with ultra-violet rays. The toxicity is
low.
Urochrome, which occurs in the urine also in the form of a
chromogen, may be reduced in vitro to a slightly yellow body, the
reoxidation of which to urochrome has not so far been accomplished.
It could be shown that the urochrome fraction converts with
considerable speed crystalline horse haemoglobin at pH 7-3 to
metfuemoglobin, and also crystalline rat haemoglobin at pH 93 to
alkaline methaemoglobin. Since it produces methaemoglobin from
reduced haemoglobin under strictly anaerobic conditions, clearly
urochrome acts here as an oxidant. Since the stimulation of
respiration by methylene blue and pyocyanine has been referred by
Warburg and Stern respectively to methaemoglobin-forming ability,
we were led to investigate the effect of urochrome on respiratory
processes. It has been found that the respiration of rabbit erythro-
cytes is increased nearly three times by urochrome in 5 m. con-
centration, an acceleration of the order of that produced by rat liver
extracts (Michaelis and Salomon). Since it was found that liver
lyochrome also produces methaemoglobin from oxyhaemoglobin, the
effect of this substance on cell respiration is likewise being studied.
12.30. Official Photograph.
The Official Congress Photograph will be taken on the steps of
the Reception Room, immediately after the moming session.
Afternoon Session 2.0 p.m.
'5. M. STEPHENSON and L. H. STICKLAND, Cambridge.
The Bacterial Metabolism of Molecular Hydrogen
Most tissues are able to utilise combined hydrogen, and the
majority of biological oxidations depend on this power; bacteria
alone are able to use molecular hydrogen. Two enzymes so far
discovered are concerned with the latter function: —
(1) Hydrogenase, catalysing the oxidation of hydrogen, and
(2) hydrogenlyase catalysing its liberation. Thus three enzymes are
concerned with the action of bacteria on formic acid : —
(1) Formic dehydrogenase catalysing the action
HCOOH^2H + C02.
(2) Formic hydrogenlyase, catalysing the action
H-COOH^H2 + C02.
(3) Hydrogenase, catalysing the action
H2^2H.
The hydrogen of (1) and (3) can be transferred to oxygen or to any
hydrogen acceptor. For instance, hydrogen can be transferred to
sulphate giving hydrogen sulphide as previously shown by us in the
case of a sulphate-reducing vibrio.
We have now obtained and isolated in pure culture an organism
able to reduce the following i-carbon compounds by molecular
hydrogen with the production of methane.
C02 + 4H2-^CH4 + 2H20
CO + 3H2->CH4 + H./>
H-CHO + 2H2— >CH4 + H20
CH3OH + H2— >CH4 + H20
The organism lives on formate as sole source of carbon and
ammonium salts as source of nitrogen. The formate is decomposed
according to the equation
4HCOOH = CH4 + 2H20 f 3C02.
This reaction has been shown to be the work of two enzymes,
viz. formic hydrogenlyase
HCOOH = H2 + C02
and hydrogenase
4H2 + C02 = CH4 + 2H20.
In the early stages of the reaction hydrogen and methane are
present together; finally, methane only is present.
6. F. LIPMANN, Copenhagen.
Über die Rolle der Glykolyse im Stoffwechsel
embryonaler Zellen
/7. J. H. OUASTEL, Cardiff.
Oxidation of Fatty Acids by the Liver
Liver slices bring about very high rates of oxidation of fatty
acids (excluding formic acid). Fatty acids containing an even
number of carbon atoms show extensive production of acetone.
Those containing an odd number of carbon atoms show no ap-
preciable acetone formation. The following are typical results for
the respiration of liver (guinea pig).
Acetone (nitroprusside test)
W i
Fatty acid (0'0i66M.)
Qo2
None
4'5
Formic . .
4'5
Acetic . .
7-4
Propionic
IO-0
Butyric . .
ii-q
Valeric . .
12-8
Caproic . .
13-6
Heptylic
• 13-8
Caprylic . .
13-0
4-4- + -
-4-4- +
/
+ + + +
With increase in concentration of the fatty acid, the Qo2
(and acetone production) is lowered, this being specially marked
with the higher members of the series. The addition of propionic
acid to butyric acid markedly lowers the acetone production, probably
by competitive action. The addition of glucose to the liver fails
to influence the oxidation of butyric acid; hexose-monophosphate,
however, appears to lower the acetone production though there is
no evidence of an increased consumption of oxygen. Minced liver
does not oxidise fatty acids.
Brain slices do not show an active oxidation of fatty acids or
acetone production. Kidney slices oxidise fatty acids but show
little or no acetone production.
8. H. LASER, Heidelberg.
Ueber den Stoffwechsel von Gewebekulturen unter
besonderer Berücksichtigung der Anaerobiose
Eine manometrische Methode zur Messung des Stoffwechsels
von Gewebekulturen während des Wachstums gestattet die Bestim-
mung der Stoffwechselgrössen Qo2, QMa und 0M2 nach Warburg,
16
das heisst die Bestimmimg des Sauerstoffverbrauchs sowie der
Glykolyse in Sauerstoff und in Stickstoff.
Der Stoffwechsel wachsender normaler Hühnerfibroblasten in
vitro gleicht dem von überlebendem Tumorgewebe. Bei relativ-
hoher, intakter Atmung besteht eine grosse aerobe Glykolyse.
Desgleichen ist die anaerobe Glykolyse gross. Die untersuchten
normalen Gewebe (Bindegewebe, Epithel und Leukocyten) können
längere Zeit anaerob wachsen und leben. Bindegewebe weist
anaerob (in Ns oder mit Blausäure) innerhalb 4 bis 6 Tagen die
gleiche Gewichtszunahme auf wie in Sauerstoff.
S'
R. A. PETERS and H. M. SINCLAIR, Oxford.
Vitamin Bj and Tissue Oxidation
In the polyneuritic symptoms arising from vitamin Bj deficiency
in the pigeon's brain, we have a specific disturbance of intermediary
carbohydrate metabolism, which can be utilised to shed light upon
the course of normal processes, just as is the case in diabetes. In
the vitamin deficient brain there is found increased lactate content,1
diminished oxygen uptake with glucose,2 lactate3 and pyruvate,1
as compared with the normal; but normal and deficient tissue behave
the same with succinate.2 These changes are not due to the
inanition,2'5 but are the specific result of diminished amount of
vitamin Bx in the tissue; addition of vitamin B1 crystals in vitro, in
minute amounts, restores the normality (maximal results are
reached with 0-000,03 per cent.),6 and causes a rise of tissue R.Q.
towards a carbohydrate value.7 Interaction of lactate, vitamin B,
and phosphorus compounds is essential for the maintenance of
normal respiration.
1 Kinnersley and Peters (1930), Biochem. J., 24, 710.
* Gavrilescu and Peters (1931). Biochem. /., 25, 1 )97 and 21 |0
a Gavrilescu, Micklejohn, Passmore and Peters (1932). ' ">c- '">"•* °c- "■'
* Micklejoh'n, Passmore and Peters (1932). Biochem f., 26, 1872.
'Micklejohn, Passmore and Peters (1932). Prce. H»y-Soc. B., Ill, (•<'■
* Passmore, Peters and Sinclair (1933). Biochem. J-, 27, «42.
' Sinclair (i933). J- Physiol. 1'roc. (in press).
y*
0. JEAN BRÄCHET, Bruxelles.
Le Metabolisme de l'oeuf de Grenouille pendant la
Mitose
Les auteurs qui se sont attaches ä suivre l'intensite du metabo-
lisme respiratoire au cours de la mitose chez l'oeuf d Oursinont
abouti ä des conclusions contradictoires : alors que Lyon et Vies
ont mis en Evidence une elimination rythmique de CO2 en rapport
avec le cycle mitotique, Gray et Pei-Sun-Tang ont constate, sur le
m£me materiel, que la consommation d'O2 augmentait pendant cette
periode avec une regularite parfaite.
Le synchronisme souvent remarquable des divisions chez l'oeuf
de Grenouille en fait un materiel de choix pour les recherches de ce
genre; la consommation d'O2 des oeufs degangues aux ciseaux
6tait mesuree de 5 en 5' ä l'aide du microrespirometre de Fenn et
de 10 en 10' au manometre de Warburg.
Dans toutes les experiences (30 en tout), V apparition des sillons a
coincide avec un relevement marque du iaux des oxydations jusqu'au
stade VIII blastomeres. Un second clocher, un peu moins marque,
est intercale entre les plasmodiereses et parait correspondre a
l'anaphase.
Lorsque le synchronisme entre les mitoses etait peu satisfaisant
ou lorsqu'on mesurait la respiration d'oeufs vierges ou de gastrulas,
les graphiques obtenus ne presentaient guere d'oscillations. II
semble done bien que l'aspect cyclique caracteristique de la courbe
des oeufs en voie de segmentation n'est pas le fait d'erreurs d'ex-
perience, mais qu'il correspond ä des modifications rythmiques du
metabolisme en rapport avec les diverses phases de la mitose.
11. R. MEIER, Leipzig.
Ueber den Einfluss von Bakteriengiften au*- Isolierte
Zellen und Gewebe
I )ie isolierte Zelle zeigt gegenüber der Einwirkung von Bakterien
eine weit grössere Mannigfaltigkeit der Reaktionsmöglichkeiten
als bei chemisch definierten Giften. Abhängig von Zellart und
Bakterienart, ist zwischen der Anregung der spezifischen Zelltätig-
keit und der hochgradigen Schädigung eine Reihe nach Art und
Menge abgestufter Wirkungen erkennbar. Die Wirkung des
lebenden Bakteriums setzt sich aus einer Beeinflussung der Zelle
durch toxische Produkte und einer Beeinflussung des Lebensmilieus
der Zelle zusammen. Bei Vergleich von Wirkungen auf Stoff-
wechsel und Wachstum ist es wahrscheinlich, dass der primäre
Angriffsort nicht an bekannten Stoffwechselprozessen zu suchen
ist , sondern dass diese sekundär von anderen Störungen des Zellebens
beeinflusst werden. Für das Verstehen krankhafter Zellprozesse
erscheint es auf Grund dieser Feststellungen notwendig, zur Analyse
einer Einwirkung sich nicht damit zu begnügen, leicht erfassbare
Veränderungen des Stoffwechsels als Charakteristikum dieser
Wirkung anzusehen, sondern bei der wachsenden Zelle nach
Veränderungen des Wachstums und der Regeneration zu suchen,
die nicht ohne weiteres als Stoffwechselveränderungen feststellbat
sind, von denen aber das Leben der Zelle abhängig ist
12. G. ORZECHOWSKI, Berlin.
Ueber den Einfluss von bekannten chemischen Substanzen
auf isolierte Zellen und Gewebe
Die Kenntnis der Reaktion der Zelle auf humorale Reize ist
heute ein Mittelpunkt des Interesses der Zellphysiologie. Die
Beobachtung des Geschehens bei der Reizung eines Zellverbandes
durch wirksame chemische Stoffe zeigt häufig, daß zuerst benach-
barte Zellen zerstört werden. Die Elemente, deren Wucherung dem
Beobachter eine Zellreizung anzeigt, entstammen dem mesenchy-
malen Bindegewebe. Die vegetativen Leistungen von Gewebezellen
lassen sich experimentell in erster Näherung durch Wachstum und
Zellvermehrung erfassen. Im Sinne der Cellularpathologie soll die
Zelle als Elementarbaustein des Organismus die Fähigkeit haben,
auf nutritive und formative Reize in grundsätzlich ähnlicher Weise
zu reagieren wie ein Organismus selbst. Ob diese deduktive Forde-
rung für humorale vegetative Reize zutrifft, ist unbekannt. Dei
Protist aber ist mit einer Gewebezelle nicht direkt vergleichbar.
Bei der systematischen Prüfung der Frage der direkten Reizwirkung
körperfremder chemischer Substanzen, von denen eine Wirkung am
ganzen Tier bekannt ist, an Kulturen von Bindegewebe, ließ sich
kein Anhaltspunkt dafür finden, daß die Zellen durch irgendwelche
Konzentrationen solcher Stoffe zu gesteigerter Wachstumsintensität
angeregt werden.
A3. M. G. SEVAG, Berlin.
Respiration Mechanism of Pneumococci
In accordance with Wieland's theory the dehydrogenation <>1
glucose and lactic acid in the presence of oxygen by means of
Pneumococcus suspensions yields H202. 02-consumed and II,02
formed stand in direct ratio within first 10-20 minutes of reaction
period. After which H202 per cent, falls as a result of its reaction
with pyruvic acid formed simultaneously — CH3COCOOH Ef2Oa
CH2COOH + C02 + H20. Thus the evolution of C02 is based on a
pure chemical reaction and is not of enzymic (carboxylase) nature.
The removal of destructive inhibitory H202 by CH3COCOOH
provides a defence mechanism for catalase — free living cells, efiic um y
of which compares well with that of catalase (for example: 788 per
19
cent, with CH3COCOOH and 1275 per cent, with catalase, within
200 minutes Vir. I (75) )■
Analysis of glucose reaction mixture for CH3COCHOCH3CHOH-
COOH, CH3COCOOH and CH3CHO gave negative results; and
CH COCOOH and CH3CHO in lactic acid reaction mixture could not
be detected. In both cases, among other products of unknown
nature, CH3COOH and C02 were quantitatively determined. Meta-
bolic functions of vir. and avir. Pneumococci are different. KCN
does not inhibit, but accelerates the reaction up to 80 per cent.
WEDNESDAY, 23rd AUGUST
Morning Session 9.0 a.m.
Subject: Cell Form and Function as Demonstrated by
Recent Advances in Tissue Culture.
Chairman: E. Faure-Fremiet (Paris).
14. R. ERDMANN, Berlin.
Der Einfluss von Sauren, Toxinen und Hormonen
auf des Wachstum und die Teilungs-rate von
Epithel und Bindegewebe.
15. NIKOLAUS G. CHLOPIN, Leningrad.
Die Verwandlungsfahigkeit verschiedener Epithelgewebe
im Explantat und ihre Bedeutung fur das Problem der
Histologischen Determination
Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Verwandlungsfahigkeit
verschiedener Gewebe im Explantat zeigt, dass die bisjetzt unter-
suchten ekto- ento- und meso-dermalen Epithelien streng deter-
minierte Gewebe vorstellen, welche zu einer Transformation in
mesenchymale Derivate unfähig sind. Nach ihrer Verwandlung-
fähigkeit können die Epithelgewebe in mehrere Gruppen eingeteilt
werden, welche ihrer histologischen Determination nach z. T.
voneinander deutlich verschieden sind, z. T. engere genetische
Beziehungen zu einander aufweisen. Die mehrschichtigen Epithe-
lien der Hautgruppe und die einschichtigen Epithelien der Darm-
gruppe mit ihren Derivaten stellen zwei verschieden determinierte
und zu einer gegenseitigen Verwandlung unfähige Gewebstypen
vor. Die bisjetzt untersuchten mesodermalen Epithelien gehören
verschiedenen Epitheltypen an, welche z. T. eine Ähnlichkeit mit
den Epithelien vom Haut- oder vom Darm-typus aufweisen, /.. T.
sich von ihnen wesentlich unterscheiden. Die histologische
Spezifität der Epithelgewebe muss als eine erblich festgelegte
Eigenschaft aufgefasst werden, welche auf ihre phylogenetische
Entwicklung zurückgeführt werden muss und bestimmte Vermu-
tungen über die Art dieser Entwicklung auszusprechen erlaubt.
16. RAYMOND C. PARKER, New York.
The Races that Constitute the Group of Common Fibroblasts
The morphology of the common connective tissue cells, or fibro-
blasts, is well known. In appearance, they are all very much alike.
From the standpoint of function, however, fibroblasts, as a group,
comprise many cell types. Each race or type is characterised by
the physiological properties that it manifests when cultivated as a
pure strain under controlled environmental conditions. Thus,
functionally distinct races of fibroblasts can be isolated not only
from the various tissues and organs of a single chick embryo, but
also from corresponding parts of embryos of different ages. The
properties that distinguish these races reflect the relative physio-
logical states, at the moment of isolation, of the particular parts
from which they are derived ; they do not, as is commonly believed,
serve as an index of age. The characteristics of the various races
are permanent. They are retained by the cells indefinitely, despite
such attempts as have thus far been made to change them.
17. JOYCE C. HILL and J. BRONTE GATENBY, Dublin.
On the Behaviour of Small Pieces of Mantle Cavity Wall of
Helix Aspersa kept in Blood and Various Artificial Media
Small pieces of Helix continue to live for days when kept in
hanging drops of blood. The mantle epithelial cells, amoebocytes,
and pulmonary cavity epithelial cells wander out on to the coverslip.
It is not necessary to take any aseptic precautions. All the prepara-
tions are contaminated by bacteria. The best results so far have
been obtained by using Hedon Fleig Ringer. In this, the cultures
reach their optimum at three or four days, the general appearance
"I the specimen being like that of the edge of the vertebrate explant.
Large aggregations of amoebocytes can be procured in these cultures,
but no division of mantle or pulmonary epithelial cells has been
obtained. In many cases the explants grow out to form large
vesicular structures which move when touched. The effects of
intra vital staining have been studied.
H. PFEIFFER, Bremen.
Versuche über die Beeinflussung von Form und Adhäsion
nackter Protoplasten
Unter Bezugnahme auf Ergebnisse der Explantationsmethode
ill der Müieueinfiusz auf Form und Adhäsion (stereotrope Funktion)
der Zelle experimentell erfaszt werden. An pflanzlichen Protoplasten,
welche nach einem der Methode af Klerckers nachgebildeten
Verfahren von der Wand entblöszt werden, lassen sich durch
Anlegen von Konzentrationsgradienten pseudopodiale Formver-
änderungen hervorrufen, welche nach damit verbundenen Messungen
einer quantitativ bestimmbaren Adhäsionszunahme symbath gehen.
Analoge Konturwandlungen finden sich unter bestimmten Yersuchs-
bedingungen an Lymphocyten u.a. Elementen des normalen und
pathologischen Liquors (Belege durch farbige Reproduktionen von
Dauerpräparaten der Liquorelemente und durch vergleichende
Adhäsionsmessungen speziell an Lymphocyten in vitro), wie an
Blut- und Speichelzellen usw. Erhöhter Formmetabolismus der
Zelle, der wohl vorwiegend auf Oberflächerispannungserniedrigung
beruht, ist also mit einer auf Adhäsionszunahme gerichteten
Oberflächen Veränderung eng verknüpft. So dürften auch die mit
erhöhter Zellmotilität in Explantaten (wie bei Prozessen der
Wundheilung) einhergehenden pseudopodialen Formwandlungen
mit verstärkter Adhäsion koinzidieren und das "stereotrope"
Verhalten kultivierter Zellen aus Gesetzen der physikalischen
Chemie der Tropfen kausal verständlich sein.
y
9. K. J. FERINGA and J. DE HAAN, Groningen.
On the Influence of Changes of Medium on the Mode of
Growth of Perfused Cultures of Migrating Cells
On adding different quantities of homologous or heterologous
(ox) serum to the peritoneal perfusion fluid of a rabbit, the growth of
perfused cultures of wandering cells of a rabbit is remarkably in-
fluenced in the following way: Addition of 10-50% serum (homo-
logous or heterologous) is found to be rather strongly growth-
promoting from the moment when the reticular tissue makes its
appearance. Diluting serum with Ringer solution instead of with
peritoneal fluid is not adapted for maintaining prolonged growth,
and the cultures remain poorly developed. In pure serum .1 well-
developed reticular tissue was seen only locally, and, as a rule, the
cells showed a tendency to grow in a scattered way.
Various peculiarities of the cultures are discussed, viz. the
appearance and significance of enormous giant cells, and in con-
nection with this the differences between growth as a reticular tissue
and as isolated wandering cells ; the influence of the thickness of the
layer of cells; the formation of fat cells; the tendency of the cells ol a
reticular tissue to grow (in succeeding layers) in two djj»etf6n3)
crossing one another.
23
/
20. J. DE HAAN and K. J. FERINGA, Groningen.
On the Possibility of Forcing the Growth of Perfused
Cultures in the Direction of an Adenoid (or Haemopoietic)
System
Communication of experiments which tend to prove that the
cultivation of wandering cells of an exsudation (rabbit), in a thick
layer leads, as seemed probable from former researches, to the
formation of large numbers of small lymphocytes, some of which
die in a short time.
The culture, in producing these small cells, remains in a kind of
labile state for a longer period; the whole very often resembles a
lymphoid tissue. Multinuclear units, either isolated or forming
part of a reticular tissue, split up into small lymphoid wandering
cells. This process goes on for several days, but finally the normal
mode of growth tends to prevail again. During a certain period
(commonly the 3rd-5th day of cultivation), and under the influence
of factors not yet wholly known, red blood corpuscles of typical
form (biconcave discs, etc.) and normal dimensions, appear, ap-
parently as a variation of the process of formation of lymphoid
cells as it is not possible to trace in every case the classical stem cells
of erythroblasts, etc. This formation of erythrocytes was seen in
cultures, which in the beginning had been deprived of all erythrocytes.
/
21. J. ANDRE THOMAS, Paris.
La Culture de la Paroi de la Vesicule Ombilicale de
l'embryon de Poulet ; La Culture pure du Syncytium
Vitellin Ombilical ; Etude Histo-Physiologique.
Mode d'obtention et technique des cultures pures. Les pro-
priety proteolytiques et lipolytiques. Morphologie et Cytologie des
souches. Etude du noyau cellulaire. Les enclaves vitellines et
leurs rapports avec la structure epitheliotypique. Evolution des
cultures et transformation conjunctive des cellules endodermo-
vitellines. Croissance et physiologie des cultures.
22. L. DOLJANSKY, Berlin.
Blutfarbstoff und die lebende Zelle.
24
Y1
Afternoon Session 2.0 p.m.
3. Z. ZAKRZEWSKI, Cracow.
Die Züchtung von Gewebe in Serum mit besonderer
Betonung der Beziehung zwischen Zellwachstum und
Zelldifferentiation
Eine Dauerzüchtung von Geweben war bis vor kurzem nur dann
möglich, wenn den Kulturen passende Mengen von Embryonal-
extrakt zum Medium zugesetzt wurden. A. Fischer u. Parker
fanden, dass Gewebe auch dann eine längere Zeit gezüchtet worden
können, wenn sie mit Zusatz von Heparinplasma wachsen. Bei
Zusatz von Blutserum gehen Kulturen bekanntlich schnell ein.
Wird dagegen im Serum das Prothrombin auf irgend eine Weise
zerstört, gebunden oder ausser Wirkung gesetzt, so wird dadurch
das Serum in ein zur perpetuellen Züchtung gutes Medium um-
gewandelt. In solch einem Medium wachsen Gewebe langsamer
als in einem prothrombinhaltigen und differenzieren sich allmählig.
Blutserum enthält Nährstoffe und den Wachstumsaktivator
Prothrombin in disponiebler Form. In reinem Serum gehen Gewebe
daher ein, da sie zu stark zur Proliferation angeregt werden, analog
wie in unverdünntem Embryonalextrakt. Durch alle Massnahmen,
durch welche das Prothrombin ausser Wirkung gesetzt wird, kann
eine Wachstumshemmung erzielt werden, wodurch eine spontane
Differenzierung von Geweben eingeleitet wird. Physiologischerweise
wird die Zeilproliferation durch das Antiprothrombin gehemmt.
4. H. SCHADE, Kiel (Vortragender: R. Kiel).
Ueber eine physico-chemische Methode, die Gewebs-
kultur im Eigenplasma ohne die bisher üblichen
Zusätze durchzufuhren
Es war unser Bestreben, sämtliche physico-chemischen Blut-
und Gewebskonstanten in der Technik der Gewebezüchtung
beizubehalten. Weitaus die grössten Schwierigkeiten machte dabei
die Herstellung der richtigen Gasmischungsverhältnisse. Das
lebende Gewebe ist ein System von Zellen mit der Eigenart, dass
mit gasdichtem Abschluss der Einzelteile eine stets gleichartige
reichliche Durchlüftung vereint ist. Dabei ist die Abweichung
der Zusammensetzung der Blutgase vom Gasbestand der Luft sehr
gross. Hier liegen die Hauptschwierigkeiten der Nachahmung für
die Technik. Die wichtigsten Neuerungen sind die Gasmischap-
paraturen mit Grob- und Feineinstellung, sowie der Kammerraum
für die zu züchtende Gewebsart, in welchem Flüssigkeits- und
Gasbewegung in geeigneter Weise vereinigt sind. Inwieweit die
neue Technik die bisherigen Verfahren übertrifft, ergibt sich aus
dem zellzüchterischen Erfolg. Bei Einhaltung sämtlicher physico-
chemischer Gewebskonstanten kann man ohne Zusatz von
wachstumsfördernden Fremdstoffen das Bindegewebe der Säugetiere
(Rind) zur Dauerkultur bringen. Das Alter der Versuchstiere ist
dabei von nebensächlicher Bedeutung.
D. SACHS, Paris.
Sur quelques propriltes
embryonaires
5 de l'extrait des tissus
26. J. W. DUYFF, Amsterdam.
Growth Factors in Tissue Culture
Discussion of the usual methods of measuring growth and of
the meaning of the word "growth" in tissue culture.
The influence of form and size of the explant, and of some en-
vironmental factors. Necessity of using series of identical cultures
in studying the influence of various factors on the growth-rate.
Methods of obtaining such cultures ; the use of circular explants.
The relation between surface and perimeter of the explant and its
influence on the growth. The choice of a suitable medium ; the
use of a liquid medium in growth-experiments.
Methods of estimating the influence of cell migration by applying
vital stain marks. The theory of growth; an attempt towards a
general growth-formula.
27. M. NORDMANN, Tübingen.
Growth Factors in Tissue Cultures
i
GIUSEPPE GOMIRATO, Torino (Vortragender:
G. Levi).
Die Wirkung der Kohlensaure und des Stickstoffes auf
die "in vitro" Gezüchteten Zellen
Es wurde die Einwirkung der Kohlensäure in veränderlichen
Prozentsatz (von ioo% bis 12%) auf Herz-Kulturen (in Flaschen)
des 7-taglgen Hünerembryos untersucht.
26
100% Kohlensäure zerstört binnen weniger Stunden das
Explantat. Eine Mischung von 50% bis 12",, Kohlensäure und
Luft wirkt hemmend auf die Wanderung und die Teilung der
Zellen ; jedoch wenn die Kohlensäure entfernt wird, entwickelt
sich die Kultur normal. Die hemmende Wirkung der Kohlensäure
beruht nicht auf der Veränderung des pH, weil Kulturen mit
Kaliphosphat gepuffert {pH = 5-9) noch entwicklungsfähig sind.
Flaschen-Kulturen in denen die Sauerstoff vollständig durch
Stickstoff ersetzt wurde, entwickeln sich, jedoch etwas langsamer
als die Kontroll-Kulturen. Dadurch wird bestätigt dass die
gezüchteten Gewebe in anaeroben Zustände überleben und
ich vermehren.
FRITZ DEMUTH, Berlin.
Die Stellung der Experimentellen Zellforschung innerhalb
der naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Forschung und
Lehre.
Die Methoden und die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Zcll-
forschung werden infolge von Unkenntnis der fernerstehenden
Forscher und Lehrer falsch eingeschätzt und sind z.T. infolge
schlechter Publikationen in Mißkredit geraten.
Die experimentelle Zellforschung muß als ein besonderes Faeli
innerhalb der naturwissenschaftlichen und medizinischen Forschung
und Lehre angeschen werden, weil sie
(1) von keiner Schuldisziplin voll umfasst wird,
(2) ihrerseits auf die verschiedensten Disziplinen übergreift,
(3) die volle Beherrschung einer besonderen, zeitraubenden
und schwierigen Technik voraussetzt.
Sie ist nicht nur eine Methode, am wenigsten eine Methode der
Histologie oder der pathologischen Histologie.
Es ist ungünstig, daß durch Einrichtung von kleinen Laboratorien
an den verschiedenen Instituten der Schulfächer eine Zersplitterung
hervorgerufen wird. Bei dem Stande der Methodik ist es unbedingt
erforderlich, daß Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der experimentellen
Zellforschung an Spezialinstituten ausgeführt werden, an denen
man die Technik einwandsfrei beherrscht und an die Forscher aus
anderen Disziplinen zu Sonderarbeiten entsandt werden.
Die Mittel für diese Spezialinstitute müssen reichlich sein.
27
I^ClA "U
l
Die Forschungsergebnisse der experimentellen Zellforschung
sollen von besonderen Fachleuten an den Universitäten vorgetragen
werden, da nur sie die zahlreichen Publikationen richtig abzu-
schätzen imstande sind. Die in die Literatur übergegangenen
Unrichtigkeiten sind auszumerzen.
Die internationale Gesellschaft für experimentelle Zellforschung
und ihre Mitglieder sollen in kritischen Referaten regelmäßig
Übersichten über die Literatur geben, in denen vor allem die
technisch unzureichenden Arbeiten ausgeschaltet werden.
Sie sollen in diesem Sinne auf die Regierungen ihrer Länder
und die Lehrkörper ihrer Universitäten einwirken.
\Y I N
'' & tätet ^ ^^ ^ ^1^
X
a8
^
THURSDAY, 24th AUGUST
Morning Session 9.0 a.m.
Subject: Electrophysiology of the Cell.
Chairman : E. D. Adrian (Cambridge).
E. D. ADRIAN, Cambridge.
Electric Discharges from Nerve and Muscle
(with demonstration)
An excited sense organ discharges a rapid series of impulses up
the sensory nerve fibre, the frequency varying with the degree of
excitation. An excited motor nerve cell behaves m the same way,
discharging a series of impulses to the muscle. Ihn. the sensory
endings and the cell body or dendrites respond by rhythmic
depolarisation to certain changes in their environment. Their
reaction is greatly influenced by various ions (Na', K', Ca", etc.).
The nerve fibres are much less sensitive to their surroundings,
though they may be made to respond rhythmically by injurs', etc!
The same kind of mechanism is latent in striated muscle fibre, for
immersion in NaCl solution gives a rhythmic discharge comparable
to that from a sense organ or nerve cell.
S
R. BEUTNER, Louisville.
The Vital Battery System
Experiments were undertaken to determine how the various
differentiated components of the cell can give rise to electromotive
forces owing to the chemical differentiation which they undoubtedly
possess. Chemically different structures can give rise to electric
currents by simple contact just as is done by different metals,
e.g. zinc and copper in contact with an electrolyte.
(i) Testing an immense number of materials it was found that
an acidophilic substance when suitably combined with a basophilic
29
CD
substance invariably gives rise to considerable forces. A suitable
combination is e.g.:
+ salt soln. basophilic I acidophilic I salt soln. —
substance j substance |
the electromotive force is usually about i/io volt.
Manifestly such sources of currents must be present somewhere
in tissue, possibly about the nucleus and the cytoplasm (although
of course, the nucleus is by no means always basophilic).
Other possible combinations which may generate currents in
are of the following types
-j- salt soln.
high mole-
cular
substance
decomposed
or split
substance
salt soln.
This system illustrates the influence of metabolism on bioelectric
currents.
(3)
4- salt soln. permeable j less perme- salt soln. —
substance j able substance I
illustrating how currents can be generated by contact of two
membranes, one of which is more permeable than the other. (More-
over, currents can be generated if a single membrane is in contact
with two different salt solutions.)
(4) Finally :
+ salt soln. oxidised ] reduced I salt soln. —
substance | substance
illustrating the influence of respiration upon biological currents
(compare Lund).
Practical examples of all these different modes of generating
currents will be described in detail.
-
■7^
32. S. C. BROOKS, California.
The Relation between Ions and Potential Differences
across Plasma Membranes
33. TH. HUZELLA, Budapest.
Electrical Phenomena in Tissue Cultures in Relation to
Organisation
Experiments were made in order to produce changes in the
typical organisation of tissue cultures by electrical stimulation
with non-polarisable micro-electrodes and in the electric field.
30
The effect of appropriate electric current on the changes i„ the
form of the cells, the directive influence of the electric held on cell
movement, on the rate of migration of different cells on the orienta-
tion of tissue growth and on the spontaneous activity of tissues
such as cultures of the heart and the intestine were examined'
The electrical reactions of the system of argyrophil fibrils as a whole
were studied with special attention, in comparison with intracellular
strands of infusoria. Interrelations were found between structural
changes and electrical reactions, which could be ascribed to dis-
sociated particular factors due to direct electrical actions or to
the indirect chemical effects induced by them, in interaction with
electrochemical surface-reactions between cells and intermediary
boundary-layers, altering the conductivity, permeability and
viscosity of the tissue elements.
34. K. UMRATH, Graz.
Der Erregungsvorgang
Der vom Muskel und Nerven her bekannte Erregungsvorgang
ist allgemein nur durch die ihn begleitenden elektrischen Veränder
ungen, Verschwinden oder Zurückgehen des Zellgrenzpotentials,
manchmal nachherige vorübergehende Steigerung über die Norm!
zu erkennen. In besonderen Fällen ist er mit weiteren Reaktionen
verbunden, wie Bewegungsvorgängen, Protoplasmaströmungsstül
stand u.a., welche dann, wie der Aktionsstrom, dem Alles-oder
Nichtsgesetz unterliegen. Bisher wissen wir über Vorkommen und
Art des Erregungsvorgangs bei den meisten Zellen noch gar nichts,
doch haben schon die wenigen genauer untersuchten Fälle, sensitive
Pflanzen, Nitella, Ergebnisse von allgemeinem Intresse gezeitigt.
Ich erwähne daß sich während des Erregungsvorgangs Viskositäts-
Permeabilitäts- und rH-Änderungen nicht nachweisen lassen. Die
elektrische Erregbarkeit scheint der Kondensatortheorie nicht
zu entsprechen, sondern eher einer Theorie, die mit physikalisch-
chemischen Vorgängen in der Zellgrenzfläche rechnet. Auch für
die Erregungsleitung scheint eine ähnliche Theorie Vorteile gegenüber
einer an das Kernleitermodell angepaßten zu haben.
35. HUGO FRICKE, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
The Electric Resistance and Capacitance of Suspensions of
Red Corpuscles with an application to the Study of Hemolysis
The passage of an electric current through a red corpusi le
suspension is greatly influenced by the surface of the corpus« li
3i
which acts as a resistance in series with a capacitance. The values
of these two quantities have been measured over a frequency
range of from 250 to 16 x io6 cycles/seconds. When referred to
unit of corpuscle surface, the values are found to be the same for
rabbit, chicken and turtle. While the possibility that the action
of the surface is due to a polarisation can not be definitely excluded,
yet a more congruous explanation is that the corpuscle is surrounded
by a poorly conducting membrane, about 40 A.U. thick, which
acts as an electric condenser. The frequency dependence of the
dielectric constant of the membrane and the value of the power
factor, which are derived from the measurements, serve as a means of
characterising the membrane. The method has been used in a
study of hemolysis. It is found that while hemolytic agencies may
change or destroy the membrane, the process of hemolysis itself
does not necessitate any change of the electric properties of the
membrane.
36. W. A. H. RUSHTON, London.
The Significance of "Chronaxie"
The paper is an introduction to a discussion upon the validity
and usefulness of Lapicque's views, especially with reference to
recent criticism. According to Lapicque the Chronaxie of an
excitable element is of importance for two reasons.
(a) The measure is specific for the element, it measures not
only the rate of the excitatory process, but also the rate of
propagation, of contraction (if any), of electric response, of
summation interval, etc.
(b) The theory of isochronism lays down that a propagation of
impulse from one cell to another can only occur if the two
have approximately the same Chronaxie (within 2-1 ratio).
Recent work throws doubt on both these statements. The
Chronaxie is usually enormously dependent upon the type of electrode
employed ; isochronism is not a sine qua non of conduction from
one cell to another ; curarisation is not brought about by alteration
of Chronaxie.
The technique and value of Chronaxie measurements are discussed
in the light of the foregoing.
37. JULIA LENGYEL, Budapest.
Biological Effect of the Magnetic Field on Tissue Growth
In contradiction to the general view that magnetism produces
no biological effect at all, fundamental changes could be observed
32
in the growth of tissue, cultivated in the magnetic field. They
consist especially in an increased proliferation and reduced organisa-
tion, in a reversion of the organotypic to the cytotypic growth and
in abnormity in the form of the cells. All these changes could be
reduced to the primary alteration in the development and formation
of the intercellular fibrillar system due to the perturbance, by the
magnetic forces, of the electrochemical reactions, which are most
probably engaged in the aggregation of the micellar substance.
By means of further investigation it is possible to distinguish the
dissociated phases of the magnetic effect on the whole of the cultures
in the interaction of the cells and the intercellular substance.
Afternoon Session 2.0 p.m.
38. W. L. FRANCIS, Cambridge.
Electrical Properties of Isolated Frog Skin
Experimental methods are described for the investigation of
the means by which the electrical potential across an isolated pure
of frog skin is maintained. The potential is not due to glandular
activity and is not an injury potential. Glucose ringer solution
pH 8-3 at 15° C. is the optimum medium for the maintenance of
the potential. Complete oxygen starvation destroys the potential
rapidly and irreversibly. The dependence of the potential and the
oxygen consumption of the skin on the oxygen concentration in
the medium is the same. The potential is an accompaniment of
respiration processes in the skin. By means of reversible electrodes
a continuous current may be drawn from the skin and the output
of electrical energy measured. This is about 10 per cent, of the
energy available from respiration. The variation of respiration
rate and electrical energy output with temperature have been
measured and compared. The theoretical interpretation of the
frog skin potential is considered.
39. R. J. PUMPHREY, Cambridge.
The Electrical Properties of the Frog's Skin
The resting potential is a maximum when the external surface
of the skin is in contact with pure Natl solution isotonic with
Ringer; partial substitution of K or Ca for Na causes a marked fall.
When the potential is measured during the passage of currents
of small density across the skin, and is plotted against the current
density, the form of the curve depends on (a) the direction of the
current, (b) the concentration and (c) the species of cation in contact
with the external surface. With potassium the curve is linear at
all concentrations. With sodium and calcium, when the positive
current passes from the outside to the inside of the skin, the ratio
E.C. increases up to a limit with increase in current density. The
form of the curve is comparable with that obtained with inert
electrodes in salt solutions. The frog's skin therefore behaves
like an electrode reversible for potassium, but not for sodium or
calcium ions.
s&
0. E. J. LUND, Austin.
The Linkage between Continuous Production of Electric
Energy and Cell Oxidation
If the continuous output of electric energy by an electrically
polar cell or tissue is linked with the flux equilibrium of cell oxidation
and the velocity of the latter is a function of oxygen tension, then the
P. D. and output of electric energy should be quantitatively related
to the oxygen tension. This is the fact. It will be shown that the
electric polarity of a polar tissue can be increased, decreased or
inverted at will by means of change in 02 tension. This direct
control appears to involve only the polarity of the cells to which
the change in tension of oxygen is applied, and therefore yields
additional evidence for the principle of Summation of Cell Polarities.
The significance of the facts for the author's conception of the
mechanism of cell correlation and other cell processes will be
presented.
of the single fibre, whether produced by induction shocks or constant
currents of long duration, are in no way different in their mechanical
response from maximal twitches. These responses seem to be
elicited by a direct stimulation of the contractile process without
at the same time initiating the conducted response, indicating that
contraction may occur independently of the conduction or action
potential mechanism at a time when the latter is normal and
capable of functioning.
"42. E. K. RIDEAL, Cambridge.
Phase Boundary Potentials
For the examination of reactions taking place at interfaces which
are important in biological systems, the method of determination
of the phase boundary potential possesses certain advantages. Nol
only can one examine the reaction kinetics of extremelj sin. ill
quantities of material, but the influence of molecular orientation .it
interfaces on the reaction kinetics can be systematically invest [gated.
A number of systems which find their counterpart in biology have
already been examined by this method. It has been found, for
example, that the rate of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids can
be altered from high values to almost negligible proportions by mere
alteration of the orientation of the molecules of the acid film. A
similar alteration in the reaction velocity can be observed in the
hydration of a lactone ring. Monolayers of protein such as albumen
and casein and their reactions both to chemical and enzyme systems
can be readily examined by this method. In the latter case it has
been found that an enzyme separated from its substrate will read
only with proteins when presented to it in the form of a monolayer.
41. S. GELFAN, Cambridge.
The Degree of Independence between the Contractile and
Conductile Mechanisms in the Muscle Fibre
A skeletal muscle fibre may contract without any action potential.
Tins is not only true for contractures, but also for twitches. The
submaximal responses of single muscle fibres as produced by
microstimulation are not accompanied by the electrical response,
but do exhibit the characteristic diphasic action potential when
with further rise in the strength of the stimulating current the
maximal propagated response is evoked. The submaximal responses
35
V<JU^
FRIDAY, 25th AUGUST
Morning Session 9.0 a.m.
Subject: Entwicklungsmechanik and Explantation
ySVhairman : W. Vogt (Zurich). J 5 r-^u -
43. J. HOLTFRETER, Berlin.
Determination in der frühen Entwicklung.
44. C. H. WADDINGTON, Cambridge.
Developmental mechanics of warm-blooded embryos
There are two main methods of experimental analysis of
embryonic development : firstly, isolation of fragments of the
embryo in "neutral" media which permit the unfolding of any
inherent differentiation-capacities of the isolate; and, secondly,
transplantation of fragments to different situations within the
embryonic body. The first of these methods was, for technical
reasons, applied to warm-blooded embryos earlier than the second.
The paper will discuss the limitations of the method of isolation
and will summarise the results which have been obtained by the
application of the transplantation method to warm-blooded embryos
(avian and mammalian) cultivated in vitro.
'45. J. NEEDHAM, C. H. WADDINGTON, and D. M. NEED-
HAM, Cambridge.
Physico-chemical Experiments on the Amphibian
Organiser
In recent work on the process of induction by organisers in early
embryonic development, it has been shown that the organising tissue
retains its activity after being narcotised, crushed, dried, frozen,
or boiled. This strongly suggests that at least certain parts of
36
organiser action are due to a definite chemical substance contained
in the active cells. Further support for such a view is now provided
by experiments in which cell-free aqueous extracts, and also ethei
and petrol-ether extracts, both of urodele neurulae and of later
stages, are shown to possess organiser activity.
X
46. H. B. FELL, Cambridge, and R. G. CANTI, London.
Joint-formation in vivo and in vitro.
The normal development of the knee-joint oi the Fowl from
the 4th to the 10th day of incubation is described.
The prechondral rudiment of the limb-skeleton when removed
from the leg-bud of a 4-day embryo and cultivated in vitro,
continues its anatomical and histological development. An account
is given of the differentiation of the knee-joint in the living culture,
as recorded and analysed by micro-cinematography.
The factors responsible for joint-formation are discussed.
47. E. TÖRÖ, Debreczen. ^(
The Implantation of Organ-rudiments which have been
Cultivated for Different Periods of Time
Die Einpflanzung verschieden lange gezüchteter Organstücke
in das Auge. Nach Explantation verschiedener embryonalen
Organstückchen wurde das Epithel und das Bindegewebe isoliert
Die Reinkulturen wurden an Stelle der Augenlinse des Hünchens
implantiert. — Bei der histologischen Verarbeitung der Implantate
wurde festgestellt, dass die Gewebe in vitro ihre embryonale
Pluripotenz parallel mit der Dedifferenzierung wiedererwerben und
nach der Implantation in die Augenkammer unter Einfluss der
Umgebungsfaktoren und des organspezifischen Epithels sich re-
organisieren können. — Bei einer Gruppe bildet sich die ursprüngliche
Struktur der Ausgangsorgane aus / Darm / bei den anderen gestalte!
sich eine neue Struktur aus / Herz, Urniere, Niere / oder geht das
Epithel zugrunde und nur das Bindegewebe bleibt am Leben. — /
Lunge, Leber / Das Implantat reagiert einerseits auf die Wirkung
der L'mgebungsfaktoren, die bei dem Aufbau der äusseren Form die
leitende Rolle spielen. — Andererseits bildet das Bindegewebe unter
der Induktion des spezifischen Epithels eine spezifische Struktur
aus und die Struktur der eigenartigen Organisation der Implantate
wird noch durch die Umgebungsfaktoren noch vervielfältigt.
37
1
48. J. TANNENBERG, Frankfurt-a-M.
Die Implantationsmethode einer durchsichtigen Kammer in
das Kaninchenohr (Clark-Sandison) und ihre Ergebnisse
Schilderung des Verfahrens der amerikanischen Autoren in
seinen verschiedenen Modificationen. Das Verfahren gestattet es,
die Entwicklung der cellulären Wachstumsvorgänge sowie die
Entwicklung eines Granulationsgewebes mit Gefässen aller Arten
über Wochen und Monate am lebenden Kaninchen mikroskopisch
zu verfolgen, ohne dass nach der Implantation der Kammer weitere
Operationen notwendig wären. Abgesehen von der Entwicklung des
autochthon entstehenden Granulationsgewebes, kann das Verhalten
verschiedener Gewebsarten in der Kammer studiert werden, die in
die Kammer explantiert werden. Es wird ein Film gezeigt, bei dem
Vorgänge in einer von dem Verf. modificierten Kaninchenohrkammer
aufgenommen sind. Der Film zeigt verschiedene Stadien der
Entwicklung eines Granulationsgewebes am lebenden Tier, Strö-
mungsphänomene an den Kapillaren, das Verhalten der roten
Blutkörperchen, insbesondere bei der Entwicklung der Stase, die
Blutplättchen in ihrer Strömung im lebenden Gefäss, die Leuko-
cytenanreicherung und vollständige Auswanderung bei Entzün-
dungsvorgängen an den Gefässen der Kammer.
49. CARL CASKEY SPEIDEL, Virginia.
Growth, Irritation and Repair of Nerves
Individual nerve fibres have been directly observed in living
frog tadpoles for prolonged periods, both under normal and experi-
mental conditions. The behaviour of the ameboid growth cones,
as influenced by directive lines, barriers, the electric current, and
nearby cell mitoses has been recorded; also the formation of vari-
cosities, anastomoses, giant cones, and the process of nerve autotomy.
Hie entire process of myelin sheath formation has also been
watched, more than ioo complete case histories of myelin segment
origin having been obtained.
Following nerve section the exact phenomena of regeneration
depend partly upon the composition of the cut nerve. Several
varieties of readjustment and regeneration may occur.
Details of the effects on single fibres have also been noted of
burns and scalds, freezing, pressure, strong anaesthetics, starvation,
X-rays, endocrine gland
alcohol intoxication, acids and alkalies
extracts, and other agents.
Cine-photomicrographs have been made which show the growth
of nerve sprouts, activities of sheath cells, myelin sheath origin,
and phenomena of irritation, degeneration and repair
50. T. TERNI, Padova.
Microdissection et U.V. microradiopiqure des
spermatozoides
Des experiences avec la methode de Chambers-Peterfi et avec la
technique de Tschachotin avec U.V. de A = ju 0,275 sur des sperma-
tozoides des Urodeles (surtout de Geotriton fiiscus) ont demontrg :
(1) Que le centrosome (cou du spermatozoide) ne represente p. is,
comme Ton croyait, le centre du mouvement de la queue. En
effect, en sectionnant la queue en deux ou plusieures morceaux, le
mouvement peut continuer dans les troncons isoles.
(2) L'ourlet de la membrane ondulee possede line structure
fibrillaire et represente l'unique siege du mouvement.
(3) L'ourlet est contractile comme un flagelle, avec une capacite
de contraction meme partielle et discontinue. En piquant avec
l'aguille ou en rayonnant avec l'U.V. le flagelle, le mouvement
s'arret dans le seul point de la lesion, mais il continue au deci et
au delä, parfois inverti.
(4) Ce flagelle possede une forme ondulee, elastiquement aussi
bien que cinetiquement determined : forme qui permets cependant
la conduction longitudinal du mouvement.
(5) La condition necessaire au maintien de la vibration de
l'ourlet, est son insertion normale au filament axil.
(6) En rayonnant la tete du spermatozoide, l'on observe des
deformations, qui ont ä faire avec des modifications de la
permeabilite cellulaire.
51. M. PARAT, Paris.
L'acrosome du spermatozoide et le deuxieme facteur
de la Parthenogenese experimentale chez les Batraciens.
39
Afternoon Session 2.0 p.m.
Subject: Cell Secretion and Digestion.
!. ROBERT CHAMBERS, New York.
Some Features of Cell Permeability in
Relation to Kidney Function
In tissue culture, cut-up segments of mesonephric tubules,
within the explant, are converted into closed tubules. Phenol red,
in solution, accumulates within the lumina of segments of proximal
tubules which become greatly distended thereby. This uni-
directional passage is not affected by variations, within viable
limits, of the pH of the medium and of the lumina of the tubules.
On the other hand, it is reversibly upset by sublethal doses of
KCN, by exposure to cold, to CO and to N2 gas in concentrations
which reversibly stop the beat of heart cells in tissue culture.
Ethyl urethane in similar doses has no effect. The vital stain,
neutral red, accumulates within the cells under all viable conditions
and passes into the lumen only under special pR conditions.
the passage of phenol red appears to be due to an intracellular
mechanism (possibly oxidative) while that of neutral red depends
upon extracellular pH conditions.
^53. HARALD OKKELS, Copenhagen.
Cellular Structure and Cellular Function. Contributions to
the Dynamic Cytology of the Thyroid Gland
For research on dynamic cytology the ideal gland to study is
the thyroid. Distinct morphological changes accompany its
function; its degree of activity can be measured by the rate of
metabolism, and stimulation or inhibition can easily be established.
Anterior pituitary extract activates the thyroid by inducing
absorption of the colloid. This causes an increase of the Golgi
apparatus without influencing the mitochondria. Neutral red
droplets in the thyroid cells after vital staining are increased too.
These droplets and the Golgi apparatus are considered separate
structures.
the enlargement of the Golgi apparatus goes parallel with the
rise in standard metabolism. Hence the Golgi apparatus may be
■considered an indicator of specific activity in the thyroid gland.
When colloid is being restored the mitochondria are increased.
They seem to play the role of condensators. Iodine stimulates
this particular feature of thyroid secretion, but dues nut influence
the Golgi apparatus.
The unique position of the thyroid gland from a histo-physio-
logical viewpoint is due chiefly to its faculty of storing a provision.il
secretion outside the cells, and consequently in larger quantities,
and for a longer time than any other gland.
P. RONDONI, Milan.
Some Observations on Proteolytic Enzymes in Cells
Cathepsins (cellular proteases) of normal liver (rabbit) and ot
mouse cancer tissue were investigated by R. and a co-worker
(L. Pozzi). The enzymes were tested on the proteins of the same
organ (digestion of glycerol-water extracts, gravimetric determina-
tion of undigested protein) as described in a previous worl< (R.,
Biochem. Journ., 26, 1477, 1932). The accelerating action of cysteine
was confirmed ; this action is enhanced by an iron salt (Fe++).
Glycogen shows an inhibiting action. Oxidising agents (H202,
current of 02) more or less prevent digestion, they often produce
in digested extracts an increase of substances precipitated by
trichloroacetic acid : a protein synthesis is supposed.
Dependency of protein synthesis upon oxidation may be
important for the understanding of tumour growth.
In tumour extracts no special activator of proteolysis could be
detected.
y*
E. S. DUTHIE, Dublin.
Mechanism of Glandular Secretion
The formation of secretion granules in relation to the mito-
chondria, and their subsequent movement into the Golgi /one has
been followed in the living animal. By a comparison ol vit. illy-
stained and fixed preparations a similar process has been traced
in other gland cells, including mucous and serous cells of the salivary
glands. The behaviour of these granules to vital dyes (neutral red
and Janus green) has been noted, as also the formation of large
intracellular vacuoles in the case of the former dye. Parat's
vacuome theory is discussed in view of the results obtained.
41
56. M. VOLKONSKY, Paris, (lu par A. Lwoff).
L'aspect cytologique de la digestion intracellular
La reaction du cytoplasme ä l'ingestion dune particule etrangere
off« une grande similitude dans les differentes categories de cellules
phagocytaires: la particule etrangere, entouree dune pellicule
aqueuse (progaslriole) , fusionne avec les elements du vacuome
(riaction vacuolate) pour donner naissance ä une gastriole, ou la
digestion prend place. Des elements du chondnome peuvent
s'accoler ä la surface de la gastriole {reaction chondriosomiqiie).
L'intcrvention du vacuome est interprets comme realisant un
apporl de ferments digestifs; le chondriome intervient, semble-t-il,
dans Irs processus anaboliques. Les deux etapes successives de la
digestion intracellulaire peuvent etre compare«, ä ceOes (de secretion,
puis ,1 'absorption) de la digestion extracellulaire. Un processus
semblable ä la reaction vacuolate peut etre observe dans d autres
phenomenes que la digestion phagocytaire (p. ex. : dans la digestion
des enclaves vitellines). Dans certains cas, la presence de substances
vacuolaires dans une gastriole peut se manifester dans ce sens que la
gastriole assume les fonctions physiologiques dun element du
vacuome.
57. E. B. BOLDYREFF, Battle Creek.
Contribution to the histo-physiology of the Pancreas :
The effect of Insulin on acinus cells and distribuion
of the islands.
L. BUCCIANTE e A. FOA, Torino. (Vortragender:
/*
G. Levi).
Wirkung der « Strahlen von Radiumemanationen über
in vitro gezüchtete Nervenfasern
Es wurden durch a Strahlen, deren biologische Wirkung beinahe
unbekannt ist, einzelne aus embryonalen Gehirnexplantaten her
vorgewachsene Nervernfasern bestrahlt; Radiumemanationen waren
in sehr feinen an beiden Enden geschlossen Glas-Kapillaren enthal-
ten; die a Strahlen konnten durch die 2-3;t starke Wand der Pipette
dringen. Dieses wurde durch die Beobachtung im Mikroskope im
Dunkelzimmer auf einem Schirme von Zinksolfur direkt bewiesen
(Funkeln der a Strahlen). Nach 2-3 Minuten wurde eine beschränkte
Stelle der Nervenfaser zerstört; nachter entstehen an der Oberfläche
der Faser Blasen und die amöboide Tätigkeit hört vollständig auf,
Diese Veränderungen sind zweifelsohne durch die a Atome (Elios)
bewirkt ; wenn eine Glasplatte zwischen der Nadelspitze und der
Kultur dazwischen geschoben wurde, bleibt die Nervenfasel
unverändert.
59. A. POLICARD, Lyon.
"Quelques perfectionnements et resultats nouveaux en
histospectrographie. Perfectionnements apportes au
dispositif primitif d'histospectrographie de Policard-Morel"
i°, platine, mobile dans tous les sens, deplaeant la coupe sous
l'electrode superieure fixe, ajustee dans l'axe optique du spectro-
graphe.
2°, microscope et lampe annexe permettant l'examen du point
choisi, meme pendant l'etincelage.
3°, choix d'electrodes variables suivant l'element cherche.
4°, generateur d'etincelle de haute frequence permettant de faire
varier leur energie.
Expose des resultats nouveaux obtenus (Cu et Au dans les
tissus).
43
SATURDAY, 26th AUGUST
X
Morning Session 1§.15 a.m.
Subject : The Cultivation of Animal and Plant
Viruses.
^/Chairman : H. Löwenthal (Berlin).
, '*
IS] EUGEN HAAGEN, New York.
Yellow Fever Virus in Tissue Culture
The behaviour of two strains of mouse-adapted yellow fever
virus in tissue culture has been observed. The virus has been
cultured through more than one hundred generations without
change in pathogenicity in a medium consisting of normal monkey
serum, diluted ten times with Tyrode solution, and living chick
embryo cells. Culture virus contained in this medium may be kept
virulent for more than half a year if dried while in the frozen state.
Like all other viruses cultured in vitro the yellow fever virus requires
living cells for growth.
Virus having entered into a living cell in the culture medium
is not acted on by immune serum. However, virus contained in
dead cells is destroyed under these conditions.
Histological examination of rabbit tissues infected in vitro
with yellow fever virus demonstrates intranuclear changes in the
affected cells. These changes are most distinct in corneal and
testicular tissues. The nuclear chromatin shows acidophilic granu-
lation similar to the changes in the tissues of infected animals.
G. HARDY EAGLES, London.
The "In Vitro" Cultivation of Filterable Viruses
The cultivation of certain filterable viruses affecting animals
may now be considered as definitely established. The main con-
troversial point is whether living cells is an absolute essential to
cultivation. When the living, particulate nature of certain viruses
such as fowl-pox, vaccinia and ectromelia is considered it appears
reasonable that their cultivation should have something in common
with the bacteria. The types of tissue change found in vims
infections are not essentially different from those due to bai terial
infections and cell inclusions need not necessarily be an indication
of the essential parasitic nature of the virus bodies. It is probable
that the penetration of epithelial cells which takes place is a result
of massive proliferation of the virus bodies, the invasion being
secondary. In vaccinia the results with cultivation in a cell-free
medium points to such a conclusion. While cells are advantageous
to cultivation they do not seem to be essential. The main difficulty
lies in establishing the virus in primary culture and the succeeding
early sub-cultures. Many attempts must be made and sub-culture
continued in spite of falling titre. On account of the great varial ion
among individual flasks in a culture they must be titrated separati U
since pooling leads to excessive dilution of existing virus, li is
suggested by a late series of culture experiments that the enormous
amount of chromatin granules present in the cell-free medium may
play an important part.
The occurrence of elementary bodies in great numbers in sub-
cultures throughout a series in cell-free medium is importanl
evidence of the ability of vaccinia virus to grow in the absence "I
cells.
Mtva
62. HENRY PINKERTON, Boston.
The Study of Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
by the Tissue Culture Method
The micro-organisms causing these two diseases are obligatory
intracellular parasites of bacterium-like morphology. Undi I natural
and artificial conditions, they multiply only in the cytoplasm of
their host cells. In tissue cultures of infected cells, incubated al
320 C, typhus Rickettsiae multiply voluminously, distending the
cytoplasm of practically every cell, but never invading nuclei.
Infection spreads slowly from cell to cell. Infected cell- undi rgo
mitotic division and infection is transmitted to daughter cells.
The equilibrium (practically symbiosis) continues indefinitely at
32° C, but Rickettsiae disappear in three days if cultures an
incubated at 37° C. Spotted fever Rickettsiae under similar
conditions multiply sparsely in the cytoplasm of then host cells,
m
-st ässs ä~- *■*—
bodies."
63 E. STRIEGLER, Insel Riems.
Die Züchtung des Maul-und Klauenseuchevirus
Die Vermehrung des Maul-und Klauenseuchevirus in vitro hat
lirh zu steigern Die Forschungsrichtung musste sich den . prak
tischen Forderungen anpassen. Zur Gewinnung grosser Massen
, 1 einfachste Züchtungsmethode ausgearbeitet werden
.I;:;,: möglich infektiöses und virulentes Kulturgut als Impfstoff
'"'''n, Züchtungstechnik ist einfach und sicher gestaltet worden
dadSÄsTsÄen ist, das Virus der Maul-und Klanenseuche
im flüssigen Medium zur Vermehrung zu bringen.
Um oSnale Züchtungsbedingungen herzustellen, ist es erforder-
lich U Kulturen Meerschweinchenserum oder Meerschwemchen-
' zuzusetzen Im Verlaufe der Züchtung wird das Virus
i;::;;;,,:;;r ^ s^ ^, auCh «,. Züchtung ohne smim.
^rde^Gesetzmassigkeit der Virusv ermeh rung £ ; den
Kulturen gefunden. Das Optimum ist nach 24 bis 37 Stunden
^Infverlaufe der Züchtung verschiebt sich die Reaktion vom
1 1 11- Mischen Gebiet über den Neutralpunkt nach dem
SÄ'enkfuSckn Neutraler Reaktion haben die Kulturen
ihre Höchstinfektiosität erreicht.
64. S. SUZUKI, Tokyo.
Tsutsugamushi-Studien
65. C. H. ANDREWES, London.
The Application of Tissue-culture Methods to some
Problems in Virus Pathology
The cultivation of viruses in tissue cultures is not merely an
interesting achievement, but a method capable of useful application
U) , mmWv of problems. I have employed it in studying immunity
40
to viruses, particularly those of herpes simplex and Virus III of
rabbits. These two viruses will form intranuclear inclusions in
vitro in cultures of rabbit testis. Antiserum added to the cultures
before or simultaneously with the virus prevents the formation ot
these inclusions, apparently preventing infection of the cells. If
virus is first incubated a short time with the cultures, inclusions
will form despite the subsequent addition of undiluted serum. It
can be shown in this way that Virus III can infect cells very rapidly
at 370, but much less readily in the cold.
Afternoon Session 2.30 p.m.
66. T. MASUDA, Kioto.
Studien über die Antikorperbildung unter Anwendung
der Gewebezuchtung
In dem Mikrobiologischen Institut der Kaiserlichen Universität
zu Kyoto ist unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Ren Kimura die Anti-
korperbildung unter Anwendung der Gewebezüchtung mehrfach
erforscht. Die Resultate in bezug auf Bakterien-, Hämagglutinin,
Präzipitin, Hämolysin, bakteriziden Stoff, komplementbindenden
Antikörper und viruliziden Stoff werden erörtert.
67. A. KRONTOWSKI, Kiew.
Züchtung des Vakzinevirus in Gewebskulturen und in Medien
ohne lebende Zellen.
(1) Die Züchtung des Vakzinevirus gelingt sowolü in echten
Gewebskulturen als auch in Tyrode-Lösung mit zerkleinerten
Embryonalgeweben.
(2) Systematische Auswertungen an Kaninchen nach Groth
zeigen ganz bestimmt, dass in den in vitro-Kulturen nach beiden
Methoden eine starke Vermehrung des Virus der Dermovakzine,
Neurovakzine und humanisierter Kinderlymphe stattfindet.
(3) Viras-Kulturen von hohem Titer lassen sich durch Züchtung
sowohl mit Hühnerembry onalgeweben als auch mit Geweben von
Menschenembryonen erhalten.
(4) Im Medium von Eagles (hergestellt genau nach der Technik
von Eagles und Kordi) ohne lebende Zellen konnten wir bei systema-
tischer Auswertung der Kulturen vor und nach der Inkubation
Wfl
keine wirkliche Vermehrung des Virus feststellen obwohl in diesem
Medium ein Überleben des Virus stattfindet, so dass manchmal die
Anfertigung von "Subkulturen" möglich ist.
S Aus einzelnen Tropfenkulturen im Plasma, die sich fur die
Aufbewahrung des Virus eignen, lassen sich nach Wunsch Massen-
kulturen anfertigen ; im Laufe von 5-10 Tagen erhalt man Vakzine
von hohem Titer, in Mengen, die für die Schutzpockenimpfung der
Bevölkerung ausreichen.
68. J. HENDERSON SMITH, Rothamsted.
The Size of Plant Viruses
Bv the use of graded collodion membranes it is found that the
virus of tobacco mosaic and the virus of yellow tobacco mosaic
can „ass through pons -051/* in diameter, the aucuba virus of
tomato passes -112^ but not -io^; the virus of a mosaic of Hyoscy-
amus p^ses -30M but not -234^- Fro™ these data it is calculable
Hut these viruses range in size from about i5Wi for the tobacco
viruses to 150^1 for the Hyoscyamus virus, on the assumption that
the viruses are free in the liquid and not attached to heterogeneous
particulate matter. It is possible by the use of such membranes
to separate a larger from a smaller virus when they occur in the
mixed state.
69. K. M. SMITH, Cambridge.
The Plant Virus in the Insect Vector
Insect vectors of plant viruses may be of two types— the
mechanical and the specific vector. Between these two extremes
occur cases where a species-specificity of vector has given place
to a group-specificity. _
The two chief lines of inquiry on the relationship between the
insect and the plant virus are concerned, firstly with the path
followed by the virus in the insect and secondly with the reasons
for this species- and group-specificity of vector.
There may be some close relationship between certain physical
properties of a plant virus and its transmissibility by insects.
Thus it may be that a high capacity for adsorption to certain
substances by a virus is one reason for its transmissibility by insects.
Similarly the capacity of viruses to pass through certain mem-
branes may be correlated with insect transmission. Some recent
work on leafhoppers suggests a relationship between the perme-
ability to viruses of the gut wall of the insect and its capacity to
act as a vector.
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SPEAKERS
SUMMARY NO.
SUMMARY NO.
Adrian, E. D.
•■ 30
Needham, J.
•• 45
Andrewes, C. H. .
•• 65
Needham, D. M.
•■ 45
Nordmann, M.
.. 27
Beutner, R.
•• 31
Blackman, F. F. .
2
Okkels, H. . .
•• 53
Brächet, J.
10
Orzechowski, G.
12
Brooks, S. C.
• • 32
Bucciante, L.
• • 58
Pakat, M. . .
• ■ 51
BOLDVREFF, E. B.
•• 57
Parker, R. C.
.. 16
Peters, R. A.
9
Canti, R. G.
.. 46
Pfeiffer, H.
.. 18
Chambers, R.
• ■ 52
Pinkerton, H.
.. 62
Chlopin, N. G.
. . 15
Policard, A.
■• 59
PUMPHREY, R. J.
• ■ 39
Demuth, F. . .
.. 29
Dixon, M. . .
• • 3
QUASTEL, J. H.
7
DOLJANSKY, L.
. . 22
Duthie, E. S.
DUYFF, J. W.
•• 55
.. 26
RlDEAL, E. K.
Rondoni, P.. .
.. 42
• • 54
Eagles, G. H.
.. 61
Rushton, W. A. H
.. 36
Erdmann, R.
.. 14
Sachs, D.
.. 25
Fell, H. B.
.. 46
Schade, H. . .
.. 24
Feringa, K. J.
19, 20
Sevag, M. G.
• • 13
Foa, A.
• • 58
Sinclair, H. M.
.. 9
Francis, W. L.
.. 38
Smith, J. H.
. . 68
Fricke, H. . .
•• 35
Smith, K. M.
..69
Speidel, C. C.
• • 49
Gatenby, J. B.
.. 17
Stephenson, M.
.. 5
Gelfan, S. . .
.. 41
Stern, K. G.
..4
Greville, G. D.
•• 4
Stickland, L. H.
•• 5
Gomirato, G.
.. 28
Streigler, E.
..63
Suzuki, S.
.. 64
Haan, J. de
19, 20
Szent-Györgyi, A.
1
Haagen, E. . .
.. 60
Hill, J. C. ..
Holtfreter, J.
Huzella, Th.
.. 17
• • 43
• ■ 33
Tannenberg, J.
Terni, T.
Thomas, J. A.
..48
. • 50
. . 21
Krontowski, A.
..67
Törö. E.
• • 47
Laser, H.
.. 8
Umrath, K. . .
■ • 34
Lengyel, J.
• • 37
.. ..56
Lipmann, F.
.. 6
Volkonsky, M.
Lund, E. J.
. . 40
Waddington, C. I
44. 45
Masuda, T. . .
. . 66
Meier, R.
n
Zakrzewski, L.
... 23
49
LIST OF DEMONSTRATIONS
(In the Department of Pathology daily at 4.30 p.m., unless otherwise stated.)
]•• Barta (Budapest). "Untersuchungen der lebenden Organe im
durchfallenden Licht mit stärksten Vergrösserungen. Der
Apparat hebst "Der Mikro-Illuminator."
I Bi wo (London). (1) "Cultivation of a Protozoon (Toxoplasma) in
I issue Cultures." (2) "Stages in the Developmental Cycle of
Psittacosis Virus in Tissue Cultures."
DEPARTMENT OF Biochemistry. A demonstration of recent work will
be given in the Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry on
ruesday, August 22nd, from 5.0 p.m.— 6.30 p.m.
J DüYFF (Amsterdam). (1) "Modified Carrel Flask." (2) Some
Modifications of the 'de Haan' Apparatus." (3) "Simple
Apparatus for Gas Analysis in Tissue Cultures." (4) "The use
of vital stain marks in Tissue Cultures." (5) "Methods for
obtaining a series of ( ultures of exactly the same form and
dimensions
Rh. Erdmann (Berlin). "Epithelgewebe mit der de Hannsche Durch-
strömungsmethode gezüchtet."
E. FI6HER Piette (Paris). "Proliferation in vitro dans le glande lym-
phatique des Crustaces."
IL S. FrenkEL (Rotterdam). "A Method of Tissue Culture in Fluid
Medium."
p 1 Gaii.1 vrd (Leiden). "Differentiation in vitro from osteoblasts to
Bone Substances."
\ Giroi d (Paris). "Mise en evidence des substances a fonction SH.
E Newton Harvey (Princeton). "Cytological Research with the
( enti ifuge Mil roso ipe."
|. C. Him and f. BRONTI GATENBY (Dublin). " Explants from Helix
aspersa grown under non-aseptic conditions at room temperature."
I 1m,. n (Philadelphia). "The Effect of certain Drugs on the
I issues oi the Digestive Tract."
Koller and G. Pauling (Edinburgh). "The Effect of X-ray
Treatment on Mitotic and Meiotic Division."
Königes (Budapest) ' ontributions to the Cytology of Serous
M
P. (
' Methoden der Stoffwechselmessung von
11. A.
Membranes
11. Laser (Heidelberg)
1 iewebekulturen."
K. |. LUDFORD (London). " 1 he Application of Vital Staining to the
Study of Malignanf Growths in vitro."
C). Mangold (Berlin). "Entwicklungmechanische Tafeln."
V U, M11 oi;i m and I' J W. RoUGHTON (Cambridge). "Demonstra-
tion of the Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase or C02 Catalyst in
the Blood."
C. W. Mi 1/ (Baltimore). (1) "Chromosomal Differences between Germ-
line and Soma in the Fly, Sciara." (2) "Method for study of
t hromosomes in Entire Insect Eggs."
H. PlNKERTON (Boston). "Histological Preparations showing the
Intracellular Parasites of l'vphus and Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever in fissue Culture."
50
^Wx«
tvx
i-ft
i-un
H PiNKUS (Breslau). "Oxyphane Granula in Gewebekulturen."
*E K Rideal (Cambridge). "Electrical Methods of determining the
properties of Films including the attack of Protein Films by
Enzvmes."
This demonstration will be exhibited throughout the week in the Laboratory
of Colloid Science. Free School Lane.
~K N. salaman (Cambridge). "Protective Inoculation against a Virus
Disease in Plants."
Strangeways Research Laboratory (Cambridge). " Recent Work on
Tissue Culture."
E Tiedemann and B. Ephrussi (Paris). " Demonstration dune nouvelle
methode pour la mesure du metabolisme cellulaire."
I Andre Thomas (Paris). "La culture pure du syncytium vitellin
ombilical de l'embryon de Poulet. Etude histo-physiologique."
M. VOLKONSKY (Paris). "Phagocytosis in Protozoa, Sponges and
Leucocytes."
J. Zweibaum (Warsaw). "La localisation de graisses dans les cellules
cultivees in vitro."
LIST OF CINEMA FILMS
{In the Department of Physiology, Wednesday, August 2yd. 8.30 p.m.,
and Thursday, August 24th, 5.30 p.m.)
R. G. Canti (London) and H. B. Fell (Cambridge). "The Cultivation
of Skeletal Tissue. The Development in vitro of the lower
Limb-skeleton of the Embryonic Fowl."
R. Chambers (New York). "Some Features of Cell Permeability in
Relation to Kidney Function."
E. Newton Harvey (Princeton). "Cytological Research with the
Centrifuge Microscope."
W. H. Lewis and M. R. Lewis (Baltimore). "Motion Pictures oi
Dividing Rat Sarcoma Cells." (Demonstrated by G. L. Streeter.)
P. Mihalik (Budapest). "The Cultivation of Nervous Tissue."
H. Okkels (Copenhagen). "Cellular Structure and Cellular Function."
YV. J. Pothoven and J. de Haan (Groningen). "Cinematograph Film
of perfused Cultures." The film shows the successive changes
which appear in perfused cultures of wandering cells.
H. Schade (Kiel). "Ueber eine physico-chemische Methode, die
Gewebskultur ohne die bisher üblichen Zusätze durchzuführen."
F. W. L. Sheffield (Harpenden). "The Formation of an Intracellular
Inclusion."
( . C. Speidel (Virginia). "Growth, Irritation and Repair of Nerves."
L. de Thanhoffer (Budapest). "The Structure of the Reticular Con-
nective Tissue Cells as revealed by Micro-dissection."
* Professor Rideal will be present to demonstrate in person on Thursday and
Friday, August 24th and 25th.
t Dr. Salaman will demonstrate in person (in the Department of Pathology) on
Friday and Saturday, August 25th and 26th.
51
LIST OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS
Adrian, E. 1).
A- l. hi WES, C. H.
Asm ri, H. E.
Bai DES, E. J.
Barnj ll, H. R.
Bari a, E.
Bayi in, li. P.
Bl Ait HAMP, R. S. A.
Beutner, R.
Bii DERMANN, W.
Bl Ai KMAN, 1'. F.
B>l AND, J.
Bles, Mrs.
Bui DYREFF, E. B.
Brai iift, J.
Brooks, F. T.
Brooks, S, (
Bkunton, C. E.
Bugnard, L.
BURLET, H. M. DE
Burrows, H.
Bytel, J. H.
( AMI, R. G.
Carmela, Sister
Carter-Wood, F.
( II Willi. KS, R.
I III OI-IN, N. (l.
Cramer, W.
CURWEN, A. O.
Demutii, F.
Dickens, F.
Dixon, M.
!><>! JANSKY, L.
Ill i mi', E. S,
Pi \ ]■>■, |. VV.
Eagles, G. H.
Ephrussi, B.
Erdmann, R.
1-Al 1 KNER, G. H.
1- u Kl FREMIET, E.
Faviii.i, G.
1' \\\ NS, H. I .
England
U.S.A.
England
Hungary
England
U.S.A.
Switzerland
England
U.S.A.
Belgium
England
U.S.A.
England
France
Holland
England
Holland
England
Scotland
U.S.A.
r>.s.K.
England
U.S.A.
Germany
England
Germany
Ireland
Holland
England
France
Germany
England
France
Italy
England
Fell. H. B.
Feringa, K. J.
Fischer, A.
Fischer-Piette, E.
Fischmann, C. F.
Fitzgerald, P. C.
Francis, W. L.
Frenkel, H. S.
Fricke, H.
Friedheim, E.
Fuchs, H. J.
Gaillard, P. J.
Gatenby, J. Bronte
Gates, R. Ruggles
Gelian, S.
Gey, G. O.
Giroud, A.
Gray, J.
Greville, G. D.
Grimmett, L. G.
England
Holland
Denmark
France
England
Holland
U.S.A.
Switzerland
Germany
Holland
Ireland
England
U.S.A.
France
England
Haagen, E.
Haan, J. de
Harrison, Ross G.
Harvey, E. Newton
Hatt, P.
Heim, K.
Hibbard, H.
Hill, J. C.
Hobson, A. D.
Hogue, M. J.
Holmes, B.
Holtfreter, J.
Hudson, J. R.
Hughes, A. F. W.
Hunter, R. H.
Hutchinson, A.
Huzella, Th.
Katz, V.
Keilin, D.
Kendal, L. P.
Kiel, R.
Koller, P. C.
Königes, H. A.
Krontüwski, A.
U.S.A.
Holland
U.S.A.
France
Germany
U.S.A.
Ireland
England
U.S.A.
England
Germany
England
Ireland
England
Hungary
England
England
England
Germany
Scotland
Hungary
U.S.S.R. f
52
Ladell, W. S.
Laser, H.
Lavollay, J.
Ledingham, J.
Lengyel, J.
Levi, G.
Levi, W.
Lipmann, F.
Löwenthal, H
Lucas, C.
Ludford, R.
Lund, E. J.
Lwoff, A.
Lythgoe, R.
f+~Co
Manton, I.
Masuda, T.
Mayneord, W. V.
Mayor of Cambridge
McDonald, E.
Meier, R.
Mihalik, P.
Miller, E. W.
Murray, M. R.
Murray, P. D. F.
Needham, J.
Nicholas, J. S.
Niven, J. S. F.
Nordmann, M.
Okkels, H.
Orzechowski, G.
Packchanian, A.
Parat, M.
Parker, R. C.
Patten, R.
Pauling, G.
Peterfi, T.
Peters, R. A.
Pfeiffer, H.
Picken, L. E. R.
Pinkerton, H.
PlNKUS, H.
POLICARD, A.
Pothoven, W. J.
Pullinger, B. D.
Pumphrey, R. J.
England
Germany
France
England
Hungary
Italy
Denmark
Germany
England
U.S.A.
derinar+y
England
England
Japan
England
U.S'.A.
Germany
Hungary
England
U.S.A.
England
England
U.S.A.
Scotland
Germany
Denmark
Germany
U.S.A.
France
U.S.A.
Ireland
Scotland
Germany
England
Germany
England
U.S.A.
Germany
France
Holland
England
Quastel, J. H.
Ramsay, J. A.
Rideal, E. K.
Robertson, M.
Rogerson, J. S.
Rondoni, P.
Roughton, F. J. W.
Rushton, W. A. H.
Russell, D. S.
Sachs, D.
Salaman, R. N.
Sanderson, Miss
Sato, T.
Sevag, M. G.
Shearer, C.
Sheffield, F. M. L.
Shore, L. E.
Sinclair, H. M.
Slifer, E. H.
Slonimski, F.
Smith, Kenneth M.
Smith, J. Henderson
Smook, A. H.
Spear, F. G.
Speidel, C. C.
Stephenson, M.
Stern, K. G.
Stickland, L. H.
Storey, H. H.
Strangeways, D. H.
Streeter, G. L.
Streigler, E.
Suzuki, S.
Szent-Györgyi, A.
Tannenberg, J.
Tansley, K.
Taylor, Sister M.
Terni, T.
Thanhoffer, L. de
Thomas, J. Andre
Tiedemann, E.
Törö, E.
Tournon, G.
TÜMA, V.
Umrath, K.
Wales
England
Italy
England
France
England
Scotland
Germany
England
U.S.A.
Poland
England
Holland
England
U.S.A.
England
U.S.A.
Germany
Japan
Hungary
Germany
England
Scotland
Italy
Hungary
France
France
Hungary
France
Czecho-
slovakia
Austria
53
Vincent, M.
Vogelaar, J. P. M.
Vogt, W.
Waddington, C. H.
Walton, A.
W ATKINS, A. E.
Webb, R. A.
England
U.S.A.
Switzer-
land
England
Wells, G. P.
White, M. J. D.
Wilson, C. W.
Woollard, H. H.
Wrinch, D.
Zakrzewski, Z.
ZWEIBAUM, J.
Eng
land
Poland
54
HEFFER ACTIVITIES
THE BOOK SHOP
3 & 4 PETTY CURY
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jects, New and Secondhand, English and
Foreign. Books on Natural Sciences (and
in particular books on Cytology), will be
found on the first floor. Classified Cata-
logues of both New and Secondhand
Books are frequently issued, and par-
ticular care is taken to advise customers
of forthcoming books on their particular
subjects.
<fl THE STATIONERY SHOP & ART GALLERY
18 & 19 SIDNEY STREET
A fine modern shop where will be found
everything covered by the wide term
" Stationery."
On the top floor there is a delightfully
designed Art Gallery, where Exhibitions
are frequently held; the display of
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always worth a visit.
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104 HILLS ROAD
An up-to-date Factory for the Printing of Books, Scientific
Journals and Magazines, the manufacture of Stationery
and Bookbinding. A special feature is made of the
composition of intricate scientific matter.
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